13 – TYPE
Displays the contents of a file or group of files on the current
output device.
Format
TYPE file-spec[, . . . ]
13.1 – Parameters
file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies the names of one or more input files to be copied. If
you specify more than one input file, separate them with either
commas or plus signs. You can specify standard OpenVMS wildcards
in file names, both Files-11 and foreign. You can use wildcard
directories with Files-11 and DOS-11 input.
The syntax for the file names is dependent on the particular
volume format option present or implied.
13.2 – Qualifiers
13.2.1 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG
Controls whether TYPE displays the file specifications of each
file displayed.
If you specify /LOG, the TYPE command displays the following for
each copy operation:
o File specifications of the input and output files
o Number of blocks or the number of records copied (depending on
whether the file is copied on a block-by-block or record-by-
record basis)
13.2.2 /RECORD_FORMAT
/RECORD_FORMAT=(option[, . . . ])
Defines the internal record structure of a file and other
attributes of the records.
13.2.3 /REWIND
/REWIND
/NOREWIND
Controls whether the DOS-11 input magnetic tape reel logically
rewinds to the beginning-of-tape mark before EXCHANGE searches
for the file name given in the input specifier.
Use this qualifier only for DOS-11 magnetic tape devices. The
default is /NOREWIND; you should use /REWIND when you want TYPE
to start searching for a file at the beginning of the magnetic
tape rather than at the current position.
13.2.4 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The
default format qualifier is dependent on the device type.
13.3 – Example
EXCHANGE> TYPE DYA0:BEAM.RAT/VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11/RECORD=STREAM
The command in this example copies the RT-11 file to the
current SYS$OUTPUT device. The two qualifiers are the defaults
if DYA0 was mounted as a foreign volume.
14 /NETWORK
Enables the operating system to transfer files to or from
operating systems that do not support OpenVMS file organizations.
The transfer occurs over a DECnet network communications link
that connects OpenVMS systems and non OpenVMS operating system
nodes.
Using DECnet services, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command can perform
any of the following tasks:
o Transfer files between an OpenVMS node and a non OpenVMS
system node.
o Transfer a group of input files to a group of output files.
o Transfer files between two non OpenVMS nodes, provided those
nodes share DECnet connections with the OpenVMS node that
issues the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command.
Format
EXCHANGE/NETWORK input-filespec[,...] output-filespec
14.1 – Parameters
input-filespec[,...]
Specifies the name of an existing file to be transferred. The
asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters are
allowed. If you specify more than one file, separate the file
specifications with commas (,).
output-filespec
Specifies the name of the output file into which the input is
transferred.
You must specify at least one field in the output file
specification. If you omit the device or directory, your current
default device and directory are used. The EXCHANGE/NETWORK
command replaces any other missing fields (file name, file type,
and version number) with the corresponding field of the input
file specification.
The EXCHANGE/NETWORK command creates a new output file for every
input file that you specify.
You can use the asterisk (*) wildcard character in place
of the file name, the file type, or the version number. The
EXCHANGE/NETWORK command uses the corresponding field in the
related input file to name the output file. You can also use the
asterisk (*) wildcard character in the output file specification
to direct EXCHANGE/NETWORK to create more than one output file.
For example:
$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK A.A,B.B MYPC::*.C
This EXCHANGE/NETWORK command creates the files A.C and B.C at
the non OpenVMS target node MYPC.
A more complete explanation of the asterisk (*) and the percent
sign (%) wildcard characters and version numbers follows in the
Description section.
14.2 – Qualifiers
14.2.1 /BACKUP
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the
/SINCE qualifier. The /BACKUP qualifier selects files according
to the dates of their most recent backups. This qualifier
is incompatible with the /CREATED, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED
qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according to
time attributes. If you do not specify any of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
14.2.2 /BEFORE
/BEFORE[=time]
Selects only those files dated prior to the specified time. You
can specify time as absolute time, as a combination of absolute
and delta times, or as one of the following keywords: BOOT,
LOGIN, TODAY (default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY. Specify one of
the following qualifiers with the /BEFORE qualifier to indicate
the time attribute to be used as the basis for selection:
/BACKUP, /CREATED (default), /EXPIRED, or /MODIFIED.
For complete information about specifying time values, see the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic Date.
14.2.3 /BY_OWNER
/BY_OWNER[=uic]
Selects only those files whose owner user identification code
(UIC) matches the specified owner UIC. The default UIC is that of
the current process.
Specify the UIC by using standard UIC format as described in the
VSI OpenVMS Guide to System Security.
14.2.4 /CONFIRM
/CONFIRM
/NOCONFIRM (default)
Controls whether a request is issued before each file transfer
operation to confirm that the operation should be performed on
that file. The following responses are valid:
YES NO QUIT
TRUE FALSE Ctrl/Z
1 0 ALL
<Return>
You can use any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters
for word responses. Word responses can be abbreviated to one or
more letters (for example, T, TR, or TRU for TRUE), but these
abbreviations must be unique. Affirmative answers are YES, TRUE,
and 1. Negative answers include: NO, FALSE, 0, and pressing
Return. Entering QUIT or pressing Ctrl/Z indicates that you want
to stop processing the command at that point. When you respond by
entering ALL, the command continues to process, but no further
prompts are given. If you type a response other than one of
those in the list, DCL issues an error message and redisplays
the prompt.
14.2.5 /CREATED
/CREATED (default)
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /CREATED qualifier selects files based on their
dates of creation. This qualifier is incompatible with the
/BACKUP, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED qualifiers, which also allow
you to select files according to time attributes. If you do not
specify any of these four time qualifiers, the default is the
/CREATED qualifier.
14.2.6 /EXCLUDE
/EXCLUDE=(filespec[,...])
Excludes the specified files from the file transfer operation.
You can include a directory but not a device in the file
specification. The asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%)
wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification;
however, you cannot use relative version numbers to exclude a
specific version. If you specify only one file, you can omit the
parentheses.
14.2.7 /EXPIRED
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /EXPIRED qualifier selects files according to
their expiration dates. (The expiration date is set with the
SET FILE/EXPIRATION_DATE command.) The /EXPIRED qualifier
is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /MODIFIED
qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according to
time attributes. If you do not specify any of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
14.2.8 /FDL
/FDL=fdl-filespec
Specifies that the output file characteristics are described
in the File Definition Language (FDL) file. Use this qualifier
when you require special output file characteristics. For more
information about FDL files, see the OpenVMS Record Management
Utilities Reference Manual.
Use of the /FDL qualifier implies that the transfer mode is
block by block; however, the transfer mode you specify with the
/TRANSFER_MODE qualifier prevails.
14.2.9 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG (default)
Controls whether the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command displays the file
specifications of each file copied.
When you use the /LOG qualifier, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command
displays the following for each copy operation:
o The file specifications of the input and output files
o The number of blocks or the number of records copied
(depending on whether the file is copied on a block-by-block
or record-by-record basis)
14.2.10 /MODIFIED
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /MODIFIED qualifier selects files according to
the date on which they were last modified. This time qualifier
is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /EXPIRED
qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according to
time attributes. If you do not specify any of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
14.2.11 /SINCE
/SINCE[=time]
Selects only those files dated on or after the specified time.
You can specify time as absolute time, as a combination of
absolute and delta times, or as one of the following keywords:
BOOT, JOB_LOGIN, LOGIN, TODAY (default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY.
Specify one of the following time qualifiers with the /SINCE
qualifier to indicate the time attribute to be used as the
basis for selection: /BACKUP, /CREATED (default), /EXPIRED, or
/MODIFIED.
For complete information about specifying time values, see the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic Date.
14.2.12 /STYLE
/STYLE=keyword
Specifies the file name format for display purposes.
The valid keywords for this qualifier are CONDENSED and EXPANDED.
Descriptions are as follows:
Keyword Explanation
CONDENSED Displays the file name representation of what is
(default) generated to fit into a 255-length character string.
This file name may contain a DID or FID abbreviation
in the file specification.
EXPANDED Displays the file name representation of what is
stored on disk. This file name does not contain any
DID or FID abbreviations.
The keywords CONDENSED and EXPANDED are mutually exclusive. This
qualifier specifies which file name format is displayed in the
output message, along with the confirmation if requested.
File errors are displayed with the CONDENSED file specification
unless the EXPANDED keyword is specified.
See the VSI OpenVMS System Manager's Manual, Volume 1: Essentials
for more information.
14.2.13 /SYMLINK
/SYMLINK=keyword
The valid keywords for this qualifier are [NO]WILDCARD and
[NO]ELLIPSIS. Descriptions are as follows:
Keyword Explanation
WILDCARD Indicates that symlinks are enabled during wildcard
searches.
NOWILDCARD Indicates that symlinks are disabled during directory
wildcard searches.
ELLIPSIS Equivalent to WILDCARD (included for command
symmetry).
NOELLIPSIS Indicates that symlinks are matched for all wildcard
fields except for ellipsis.
If the file named in the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command is a symlink,
the command operates on the symlink target.
14.2.14 /TRANSFER_MODE
/TRANSFER_MODE=option
Specifies the I/O method to be used in the transfer. This
qualifier is useful for all file formats. You can specify any
one of the following options:
Option Function
AUTOMATIC Allows the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command to
determine the appropriate transfer mode.
This is the default transfer mode.
BLOCK Opens both the input and output files for
block I/O and transfers the files block by
block.
CONVERT[=option[,...]]Reads records from the input file, packs
them into blocks, and writes them to the
output file in block mode. The options
listed in the following table determine
what additional information is inserted
during the transfer.
RECORD Opens both the input and output files for
record I/O and transfers the files record
by record. The target system must support
record operations, and the input file must
be record oriented.
The following four options are available with the CONVERT
transfer mode to control the insertion of special characters
in the records:
Option Function
CARRIAGE_CONTROL Any carriage control information in the
input file is interpreted, expanded into
actual characters, and included with each
record.
COUNTED The length of each record, in bytes, is
included at the beginning of the record.
The length includes all FIXED_CONTROL,
CARRIAGE_CONTROL, and RECORD_SEPARATOR
information in each record.
FIXED_CONTROL All variable length with fixed control
record (VFC) information is written to
the output file as part of the data. This
information follows the record length
information, if the COUNTED option was
specified.
RECORD_SEPARATOR= A 1- or 2-byte record separator is inserted
separator between each record. Record separator
characters are the last characters in the
record. The three choices for separator
characters are as follows:
o CR: Specifies carriage return only.
o LF: Specifies line feed only.
o CRLF: Specifies carriage return and line
feed.
14.3 – Examples
1.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK VMS_FILE.DAT KUDOS::FOREIGN_SYS.DAT
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file VMS_FILE.DAT located in the current default device and
directory to the file FOREIGN_SYS.DAT on the non OpenVMS node
KUDOS. Because the /TRANSFER_MODE qualifier was not explicitly
specified, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command automatically
determines whether the transfer method should be block or
record I/O.
2.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK/TRANSFER_MODE=BLOCK -
_$ KUDOS::FOREIGN_SYS.DAT VMS_FILE.DAT
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file FOREIGN_SYS.DAT from the non OpenVMS node KUDOS to the
file VMS_FILE.DAT in the current default device and directory.
Block I/O is specified for the transfer mode.
3.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK/FDL=VMS_FILE_DEFINITION.FDL -
_$ KUDOS::REMOTE_FILE.TXT VMS_FILE.DAT
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file REMOTE_FILE.TXT on node KUDOS to the file VMS_FILE.DAT.
The file attributes for the output file VMS_FILE.DAT are
obtained from the File Definition Language (FDL) source
file VMS_FILE_DEFINITION.FDL. Because the qualifier /FDL is
specified and the /TRANSFER_MODE qualifier is omitted, the
transfer mode uses block I/O, by default.
For more information about creating FDL files, see the OpenVMS
Record Management Utilities Reference Manual.
4.$ EXCHANGE/NETWORK -
_$ /TRANSFER_MODE=CONVERT=(CARRIAGE_CONTROL,COUNTED, -
_$ RECORD_SEPARATOR=CRLF,FIXED_CONTROL) -
_$ PRINT_FILE.TXT KUDOS::*
In this example, the EXCHANGE/NETWORK command transfers the
file PRINT_FILE.TXT from the current default device and
directory to the file PRINT_FILE.TXT on the non OpenVMS node
KUDOS. The use of the CONVERT option with the /TRANSFER_MODE
qualifier forces the input file to be read in record by record,
modified as specified by the CONVERT options that follow, and
written to the output file block by block. As many records as
will fit are packed into the output blocks.
The CONVERT option CARRIAGE_CONTROL specifies that carriage
control information is converted to ASCII characters and
inserted before the data or appended to the record, depending
on whether prefix control or postfix control, or both, are
used.
The CONVERT option FIXED_CONTROL specifies that any fixed
control information be translated to ASCII characters and
inserted at the beginning of the record.
The CONVERT option RECORD_SEPARATOR=CRLF appends the two
specified characters, carriage return and line feed, to the
end of the record.
The CONVERT option COUNTED specifies that the total length
of the record must be counted (once the impact of all the
previous convert options have been added), and the result is
to be inserted at the beginning of the record, in the first 2
bytes.