Transfers a file or files from an input volume to an output
volume. You can use the COPY command to do any of the following:
o Copy a file from a foreign volume to a native volume
o Copy a file from a native volume to a foreign volume
o Copy a file from one foreign volume to another foreign volume
o Convert the format of the file during the transfer
o Copy groups of files from volume to volume
o Give the output file a different name from the input file
Format
COPY input-file-spec[, . . . ] output-file-spec
1 – Parameters
input-file-spec[, . . . ]
Specifies the names of one or more input files to be copied. If
you specify more than one input file, separate them with commas
or plus signs. The syntax for input file names depends on the
volume format option. You can specify standard OpenVMS wildcards
in both Files-11 and foreign file names. COPY supports wildcard
directories for Files-11 and DOS-11 input.
NOTE
The EXCHANGE COPY command does not process search lists as
input files. If you specify a search list as input to the
COPY command, only the first item is processed. For example,
suppose you issue the following commands:
$ DEFINE search_list [directory_1], [directory_2]
$ EXCHANGE COPY search_list:*.* [directory_3]
The EXCHANGE command does not copy anything from directory_2.
output-file-spec
Specifies the name of the output file, directory, or device
to which the input files are to be copied. If the input is a
single file, you can specify an explicit output name (which is
equivalent to a rename on a copy operation). If the input is more
than one file, the output specifier must be one of the following:
o Wildcards (*, *.* or *.*;*) specifying current default device
and directory
o An explicit device and/or directory for Files-11 output, such
as BB:[EXCHANGE.TMP], with or without wildcards for the file
name
o An explicit device for RT-11 as in DLA2:/VOLUME=RT11
o An explicit device or directory for DOS-11 output, such as
TAPE:/VOLUME=DOS11 or TAPE:[11,132]/VOLUME=DOS11
The output file names are constructed according to rules
implied by the input and output volume qualifiers. COPY does
not concatenate multiple input files into a single output file.
Wildcard directories are not permitted. The syntax for input file
names depends on the volume format option.
You must specify at least one field in the output file
specification; COPY replaces missing fields with the
corresponding field of the related input file specification.
If the input file has no corresponding field, COPY substitutes
null text fields and maximizes version numbers.
The UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current process.
For DOS-11 output in UIC format, EXCHANGE uses the current
default directory; otherwise, it uses the current process UIC
as a directory. You can specify an alternate directory for DOS-11
output in the command.
2 – Qualifiers
2.1 /BOOT
/BOOT[=nn]
Copies bootstrap information from a monitor and the handler files
to blocks 0 and 2 through 5 of an RT-11 volume, permitting you to
use that volume as a system volume. The COPY/BOOT operation does
not create any files on the volume; it is intended only to create
bootable RT-11 systems.
The /BOOT qualifier implies /VOLUME_FORMAT=RT11 for both input
and output specifications. The output device can be omitted, as
it is assumed to be identical to the input device. You cannot
combine the /BOOT qualifier with qualifiers other than /LOG.
The COPY/BOOT command requires that both the input and output
devices be the same volume or virtual device. The file name of
the desired monitor must be specified as the input specification.
RT-11 Version 1.0 through Version 3.0 monitors had the system
device handler linked into the monitor image. For Version 4.0
of RT-11, the system device handler uses the standard device
handler, and the COPY/BOOT command must dynamically link the
handler into the bootstrap area. COPY/BOOT finds the default
handler for the specific device type and merges the handler with
the monitor as it is copied to the boot area.
You can use the two-letter argument nn to override the default
system device handler. The most frequent use of this option
occurs when a diskette is mounted in an RX02 drive, and you want
to create a diskette bootable from an RX01 drive. (The diskette
must be single density.) The default handler for the RX02 is
DY.SYS, and the handler for the RX01 is DX.SYS; therefore, you
would use the command COPY/BOOT=DX to create the bootable RX01
system diskette. Do not specify /BOOT=nn for Version 3.0 RT-11
and earlier systems; instead, choose the monitor file DYMNxx.SYS
or DXMNxx.SYS as the source file.
2.2 /LOG
/LOG
/NOLOG
Controls whether the EXCHANGE command COPY displays the file
specifications of each file copied. If you specify /LOG, the
system displays the following data for each copy operation:
the file specifications of the input and output files, and the
number of blocks or the number of records copied (depending on
whether the file is copied on a block-by-block or record-by-
record basis). The default is /NOLOG.
3 – File Qualifiers
3.1 /ALLOCATION
/ALLOCATION=n
Forces the initial allocation of the output file to the number
of 512-byte blocks that you specified as n. The /ALLOCATION
qualifier is valid only for Files-11 and RT-11 output files.
By default, COPY determines the initial allocation of the output
file by the size of the input file. Typically, /ALLOCATION is
needed only when you are creating a contiguous file on Files-11
(using /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS or /CONTIGUOUS), when the input file
is on magnetic tape, or when you want additional space at the end
of the file.
If you specify /ALLOCATION, the file's allocated size does not
change, unless you also specify /TRUNCATE. When you are unsure of
the output size, you might want to specify both /ALLOCATION and
/TRUNCATE.
3.2 /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
/BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
/NOBEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS
Indicates whether the Files-11 output file is to be allocated
contiguously on a "best effort" basis; that is, whether EXCHANGE
will attempt to place the file on consecutive physical disk
blocks. If insufficient contiguous space is available, the file
occupies the largest available contiguous space plus additional
extents as necessary for the rest of the allocation. You can
apply this qualifier only to a Files-11 output file.
The /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS qualifier has no effect when you copy
files to magnetic tape volumes. When you would like a file from a
magnetic tape to be copied contiguously, use both the /ALLOCATION
and the /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS qualifiers, because the size of
the file on magnetic tape cannot be determined until after it
is copied to the disk. If you do not know the exact size of the
file, overestimate the size and specify /TRUNCATE (along with
/ALLOCATION and /BEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS) to avoid wasted space.
The default is /NOBEST_TRY_CONTIGUOUS.
3.3 /CARRIAGE_CONTROL
/CARRIAGE_CONTROL=option
Defines the carriage control attributes of a file, as well as
other attributes of the records. The carriage control options
are: CARRIAGE_RETURN, which implies carriage return/line-feed
control; FORTRAN, which indicates that the first character
of each record is to be interpreted as the carriage control
specifier; and NONE, which indicates that carriage control is
not implied.
The default is /CARRIAGE_CONTROL=CARRIAGE_RETURN.
3.4 /CONTIGUOUS
/CONTIGUOUS
/NOCONTIGUOUS
Indicates whether the copied file is to be contiguous; that is,
stored on consecutive physical blocks on an output disk volume.
The /CONTIGUOUS qualifier is valid only for Files-11 output
files.
The /CONTIGUOUS qualifier has no effect when you copy files to
magnetic tape volumes. When you would like a file from a magnetic
tape to be copied contiguously, use both the /ALLOCATION and
/CONTIGUOUS qualifiers because the size of the file on magnetic
tape cannot be determined until after it is copied to the disk.
If you do not know the exact size of the file, overestimate the
size and specify the /TRUNCATE qualifier (along with /ALLOCATION
and /CONTIGUOUS) to avoid wasted space.
The default is /NOCONTIGUOUS.
3.5 /DELETE
/DELETE
/NODELETE
Controls whether COPY deletes existing files of the same
name during the copy operation. This qualifier is valid for
RT-11 output only; it is equivalent to the RT-11 COPY command
qualifier /REPLACE. In fact, you can use the EXCHANGE COPY
command qualifier /REPLACE to control file deletion, although
its function differs from that of /DELETE (see the description of
the /REPLACE qualifier for details on its function).
If you want a message displayed when you delete a file, include
the /LOG qualifier in your command. To prevent automatic file
deletion, use /NODELETE.
The default is /DELETE. Files with the same name as the output
file name are deleted after the new file has been copied.
3.6 /EXTENSION
/EXTENSION=n
Specifies the number of blocks to be added to the output file
each time the file is extended. This qualifier is valid for
Files-11 output files only.
EXCHANGE determines the default extension according to the
following hierarchy:
1. An explicit value specified on the /EXTENSION qualifier
2. The current process default extension value set by the command
SET RMS_DEFAULT
3. The current system default extension value set at system
generation or with the SET RMS_DEFAULT/SYSTEM command
Use the /EXTENSION qualifier to set an extension quantity with
magnetic tape input; EXCHANGE preallocates a file of the correct
size when the input is on a directory-structured-device.
3.7 /PROTECT
/PROTECT
/NOPROTECT
Determines whether protection is set for an RT-11 output file.
The owner UIC of the output file is the UIC of the current
process. This qualifier is not valid for Files-11 or DOS-11
output files. Protection attributes for Files-11 output are taken
from the current process default protection.
EXCHANGE does not attempt to transfer protection attributes from
the input file to the output file, because protection mechanisms
of various operating systems do not readily translate to one
another.
The default is /NOPROTECT.
3.8 /RECORD_FORMAT
/RECORD_FORMAT=(option[, . . . ])
Defines the internal record structure of a file, as well as other
attributes of the records.
3.9 /REPLACE
/REPLACE
/NOREPLACE
Requests that if an RT-11 output file already exists with the
same file specification as that entered for the output file, the
existing file is to be deleted before the copy proceeds. COPY
allocates new space for the output file. The /REPLACE qualifier
is valid for RT-11 output only; it is equivalent to the RT-11
COPY command qualifier /PREDELETE.
By default, COPY creates the new file first and then, after the
copy operation is done, deletes the previous file. However, when
you use /REPLACE, COPY deletes the previous file before it copies
the new file. This can be a problem if the input file has been
corrupted because the previous version of the file will have been
deleted. Therefore, you should use /REPLACE only when there is
insufficient room for two copies of the file.
3.10 /REWIND
/REWIND
/NOREWIND
Determines whether a DOS-11 input magnetic tape reel logically
rewinds to the beginning-of-tape mark (BOT) before EXCHANGE
searches for the file name specified in the input specifier. This
qualifier is valid for DOS-11 magnetic tape only. The default is
/NOREWIND.
Use the /REWIND qualifier when you want COPY to search for a file
from the logical beginning of the magnetic tape, instead of from
the current physical position of the tape.
3.11 /START_BLOCK
/START_BLOCK=[n]
For RT-11 volumes, specifies the logical block number where the
file is to be placed. This qualifier is especially useful with
TU58 tape cassettes, because performance can be significantly
enhanced by careful placement of files.
3.12 /SYSTEM
/SYSTEM
/NOSYSTEM
Controls whether the COPY command copies files that have the file
type SYS. Files with a file type of SYS are usually necessary for
the operation of an RT-11 system. Only RT-11 volumes handle SYS
files in this manner.
The default is /NOSYSTEM; the COPY command does not copy an
RT-11 file with the type SYS, whether matched by a wildcard
specification or explicitly named. EXCHANGE displays a message
whenever it skips over a SYS file during a copy operation.
3.13 /TRANSFER_MODE
/TRANSFER_MODE=option
Specifies the I/O method to be used in a transfer. This qualifier
is useful for all volume formats.
Option Function
AUTO Select BLOCK transfer for efficiency if possible
BLOCK Transfer block by block without looking at records
RECORD Transfer record by record
The default is the AUTOMATIC transfer mode. In AUTOMATIC mode,
EXCHANGE attempts to use a BLOCK transfer whenever possible.
BLOCK transfers are possible between RT-11 volumes or between
RT-11 and DOS-11 volumes, since the internal file structures are
identical. AUTOMATIC does not use the BLOCK transfer if either
file specification contains a /RECORD_FORMAT qualifier.
A BLOCK transfer moves data between devices. Since no
interpretation is done on the data, BLOCK transfers are more
efficient than RECORD transfers. The block sizes on both devices
must be identical. Both input and output must be in BLOCK format.
Specifying BLOCK on one parameter implies BLOCK for the other
file or device specification.
A BLOCK transfer produces an exact copy of the file. If the
output device is Files-11, the file will be a sequential
file with fixed-length 512-byte records. This feature is used
primarily to avoid any interpretation of the data during the
transfer. If the Files-11 file is a sequential file with 512-byte
fixed-length records, there is no difference between a /TRANSFER_
MODE=BLOCK transfer and a /RECORD=FIXED=512 transfer.
A RECORD transfer moves the data record by record. A RECORD
transfer requires more time than a BLOCK transfer, but it must
be used if the input and output record structures differ.
When the /LOG qualifier is used in a COPY command, EXCHANGE
displays the size of the file that was transferred. If BLOCK
mode was used, the message gives the file size as the number of
blocks transferred. If RECORD mode was used, the message displays
the number of records.
3.14 /TRUNCATE
/TRUNCATE
/NOTRUNCATE
Controls whether COPY truncates an output file at the end-of-
file when copying it. The default is /NOTRUNCATE; COPY uses the
allocation of the input file to determine the size of the output
file.
3.15 /VOLUME_FORMAT
/VOLUME_FORMAT=option
Defines the physical format of the volume to be processed. The
default format qualifier is dependent on the device type.
If used, volume format qualifiers must be attached to one or
both of the file specification parameters; you cannot attach them
directly to the command. A volume format qualifier determines the
format of the file name and directory specifications, and often
implies certain defaults.
4 – Description
COPY transfers a file or files from an input volume to an output
volume.
You can create multiple output files by specifying multiple input
files. When multiple output files are created, the corresponding
field from each input file is used in the output file name.
If you do not specify a version number for Files-11 output, COPY
applies a version number as follows:
o The same version number as that of the input file, if the
input volume structure supports version numbers and no file
exists with the same name and type
o A version number that is one greater than the highest version
number of an existing file with the same file name and file
type
o Version 1, if neither of the above applies
If you use an asterisk (*) wildcard character to specify the
output file version number, COPY uses the version numbers of the
associated input files (if any) as the version numbers of the
output files.
Note that ANSI-formatted magnetic tapes do not handle version
numbers in the same manner as disks.
EXCHANGE might reformat files during the copy operation. The
defaults for reformatting are dependent on the record and volume
format qualifiers that are attached to both the input and output
file specifications, as well as the type fields of the file
specifications.
The COPY command does not copy a file with the SYS type unless
you specify the /SYSTEM qualifier. EXCHANGE displays a message if
it passes over one or more SYS files during a copy operation.
EXCHANGE does not copy files with the type BAD if the file
specification contains wildcards. EXCHANGE does not display a
message when it passes over one or more BAD files during a copy
operation. Therefore, to copy a file with the type BAD, specify
the file name explicitly instead of using wildcards.
5 – Examples
1.EXCHANGE> COPY TEST.DAT DYA0:NEWTST.DAT/VOLUME=RT11
The command in this example copies the contents of the file
TEST.DAT from the default disk and directory into a file named
NEWTST.DAT on an RT-11 diskette (mounted on DYA0). If a file
named NEWTST.DAT already exists, the COPY command replaces it.
The record formats are variable length on the Files-11 input
and ASCII stream on the RT-11 output.
2.EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG TEST.DAT DYA0:NEWTST.DAT
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of DYA0:NEWTST.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$:[FRED]TEST.DAT;5
copied to DYA0:NEWTST.DAT, 93 records
The command in this example is the same as in the preceding
example, except that the /LOG qualifier is included so that
the actions of the command are displayed. The /VOLUME_FORMAT
qualifier is omitted; EXCHANGE defaults to RT-11 format for the
foreign mounted diskette. Since a file named NEWTST.DAT already
exists on the diskette (from the command in the previous
example), the first copy of the file is deleted after the
second copy is successfully transferred.
3.EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG LARGE.DAT DYA0:/VOLUME=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of _DYA0:LARGE.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-W-RTOUTEOF, end-of-file on output _DYA0:LARGE.DAT,
insufficient space on volume
%EXCHANGE-I-PARTCOPIED, WRKD$:[FRED]LARGE.DAT;9 partially copied to
_DYA0:LARGE.DAT, 1670 records
EXCHANGE> COPY/LOG/REPLACE LARGE.DAT DYA0:/VOLUME=RT11
%EXCHANGE-S-DELETEPREV, previous copy of _DYA0:LARGE.DAT deleted
%EXCHANGE-S-COPIED, WRKD$:[FRED]LARGE.DAT;9 copied to
_DYA0:LARGE.DAT, 3288 records
The first command in this example fails because there is
insufficient space on DYA0 for EXCHANGE to do a normal copy
(that is, to copy the file into a temporary file on DYA0,
delete the existing file of the same name, and then rename
the temporary file).
The second command in this example includes the /REPLACE
qualifier, which directs COPY to delete an existing version of
the output file before copying the new file. The first message
generated by this command indicates that EXCHANGE has deleted
an existing file. The second message indicates that the copy
operation has successfully completed.
4.EXCHANGE> COPY MTA0:[11,132]*.COM/VOLUME=DOS11 [FRED.TEMP]
The command in this example copies all files with the file type
COM owned by UIC [11,132] to the subdirectory [FRED.TEMP]. The
default DOS-11 record format is STREAM. The default Files-11
record format is VARIABLE.
5.EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT DYA0:RT11SJ.SYS DYA0:
The COPY/BOOT command in this example makes the diskette
mounted on the RX02 drive DYA0 a bootable RT-11 system.
Bootstrap information is written to the volume using the RT-11
single job monitor RT11SJ.SYS and the system device handler
DY.SYS. The diskette can be formatted in single or double
density.
6.EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT=DX DYA0:RT11SJ.SYS DYA0:
As in the previous example, the COPY/BOOT command in this
example makes the diskette mounted on the RX02 drive DYA0 a
bootable RT-11 system. In this example, however, the system
device handler is DX.SYS, the RX01 diskette handler. The
diskette must be formatted in single density in order to boot
on the RT-11 system.
7.EXCHANGE> COPY/BOOT CSA1:CONSOL.SYS
The command in this example writes bootstrap information on the
console storage device on a VAX processor.
8.EXCHANGE> COPY DMA0:FROG.DAT/VOLUME=RT11/RECORD=STREAM -
_EXCHANGE> FROG4JUN.DAT/RECORD=(FIXED=80,PAD=" ")
The command in this example copies an ASCII stream file (the
default) from an RT-11 volume to the current default device and
directory. The output contains fixed-length records that are
padded to 80 bytes with the space character.